title: iso_8859-14(7)

text:
# iso_8859-14(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-14 - ISO 8859-14 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-14 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ḃ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE

242

162

A2

ḃ

LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH DOT ABOVE

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

Ċ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE

245

165

A5

ċ

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE

246

166

A6

Ḋ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

Ẁ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH GRAVE

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

Ẃ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH ACUTE

253

171

AB

ḋ

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH DOT ABOVE

254

172

AC

Ỳ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

®

REGISTERED SIGN

257

175

AF

Ÿ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

260

176

B0

Ḟ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE

261

177

B1

ḟ

LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH DOT ABOVE

262

178

B2

Ġ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE

263

179

B3

ġ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE

264

180

B4

Ṁ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE

265

181

B5

ṁ

LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH DOT ABOVE

266

182

B6

¶

PILCROW SIGN

267

183

B7

Ṗ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE

270

184

B8

ẁ

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH GRAVE

271

185

B9

ṗ

LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH DOT ABOVE

272

186

BA

ẃ

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH ACUTE

273

187

BB

Ṡ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE

274

188

BC

ỳ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH GRAVE

275

189

BD

Ẅ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS

276

190

BE

ẅ

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH DIAERESIS

277

191

BF

ṡ

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE

300

192

C0

À

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ã

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Å

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

306

198

C6

Æ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

È

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ê

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ì

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ï

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

320

208

D0

Ŵ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX

321

209

D1

Ñ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE

322

210

D2

Ò

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Õ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

Ṫ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE

330

216

D8

Ø

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE

331

217

D9

Ù

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ý

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

336

222

DE

Ŷ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

à

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ã

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

å

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

346

230

E6

æ

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

è

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ê

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ì

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ï

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

360

240

F0

ŵ

LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX

361

241

F1

ñ

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

362

242

F2

ò

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

õ

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

ṫ

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH DOT ABOVE

370

248

F8

ø

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

371

249

F9

ù

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ý

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

376

254

FE

ŷ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX

377

255

FF

ÿ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

## NOTES
ISO 8859-14 is also known as Latin-8.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


package: man-pages

title: iso_8859-15(7)

text:
# iso_8859-15(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-15 - ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-15 encodes the characters used in many West European languages and adds the Euro sign.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-15 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

¡

INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK

242

162

A2

¢

CENT SIGN

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

€

EURO SIGN

245

165

A5

¥

YEN SIGN

246

166

A6

Š

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

š

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

ª

FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR

253

171

AB

«

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

254

172

AC

¬

NOT SIGN

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

®

REGISTERED SIGN

257

175

AF

¯

MACRON

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

±

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

262

178

B2

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

263

179

B3

³

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

264

180

B4

Ž

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

265

181

B5

µ

MICRO SIGN

266

182

B6

¶

PILCROW SIGN

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

ž

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

271

185

B9

¹

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

272

186

BA

º

MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

273

187

BB

»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

274

188

BC

Œ

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE

275

189

BD

œ

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE

276

190

BE

Ÿ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

277

191

BF

¿

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

300

192

C0

À

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ã

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Å

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

306

198

C6

Æ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

È

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ê

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ì

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ï

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

320

208

D0

Ð

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH

321

209

D1

Ñ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE

322

210

D2

Ò

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Õ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

330

216

D8

Ø

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE

331

217

D9

Ù

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ý

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

336

222

DE

Þ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

à

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ã

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

å

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

346

230

E6

æ

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

è

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ê

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ì

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ï

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

360

240

F0

ð

LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH

361

241

F1

ñ

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

362

242

F2

ò

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

õ

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

÷

DIVISION SIGN

370

248

F8

ø

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

371

249

F9

ù

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ý

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

376

254

FE

þ

LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN

377

255

FF

ÿ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

## NOTES
ISO 8859-15 is also known as Latin-9 (or sometimes as Latin-0).

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), cp1252(7), iso_8859-1(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-16(7)

text:
# iso_8859-16(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-16 - ISO 8859-16 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-16 encodes the Latin characters used in Southeast European languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-16 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ą

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

242

162

A2

ą

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

243

163

A3

Ł

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE

244

164

A4

€

EURO SIGN

245

165

A5

„

DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK

246

166

A6

Š

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

š

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

Ș

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW

253

171

AB

«

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

254

172

AC

Ź

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

ź

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE

257

175

AF

Ż

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

±

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

262

178

B2

Č

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON

263

179

B3

ł

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE

264

180

B4

Ž

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

265

181

B5

”

LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK

266

182

B6

¶

PILCROW SIGN

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

ž

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

271

185

B9

č

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON

272

186

BA

ș

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW

273

187

BB

»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

274

188

BC

Œ

LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE

275

189

BD

œ

LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE

276

190

BE

Ÿ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

277

191

BF

ż

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

300

192

C0

À

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ă

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Ć

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE

306

198

C6

Æ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

È

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ê

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ì

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ï

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

320

208

D0

Đ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE

321

209

D1

Ń

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH ACUTE

322

210

D2

Ò

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Ő

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

Ś

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE

330

216

D8

Ű

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

331

217

D9

Ù

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ę

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

336

222

DE

Ț

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

à

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ă

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

ć

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE

346

230

E6

æ

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

è

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ê

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ì

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ï

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

360

240

F0

đ

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE

361

241

F1

ń

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE

362

242

F2

ò

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

ő

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

ś

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE

370

248

F8

ű

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

371

249

F9

ù

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ę

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

376

254

FE

ț

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH COMMA BELOW

377

255

FF

ÿ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

## NOTES
ISO 8859-16 is also known as Latin-10.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), iso_8859-3(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-2(7)

text:
# iso_8859-2(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-2 - ISO 8859-2 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-2 encodes the Latin characters used in many Central and East European languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-2 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ą

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

242

162

A2

˘

BREVE

243

163

A3

Ł

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

245

165

A5

Ľ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CARON

246

166

A6

Ś

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

Š

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

252

170

AA

Ş

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

253

171

AB

Ť

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CARON

254

172

AC

Ź

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

Ž

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

257

175

AF

Ż

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

ą

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

262

178

B2

˛

OGONEK

263

179

B3

ł

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE

264

180

B4

´

ACUTE ACCENT

265

181

B5

ľ

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON

266

182

B6

ś

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE

267

183

B7

ˇ

CARON

270

184

B8

¸

CEDILLA

271

185

B9

š

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

272

186

BA

ş

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

273

187

BB

ť

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON

274

188

BC

ź

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE

275

189

BD

˝

DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT

276

190

BE

ž

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

277

191

BF

ż

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

300

192

C0

Ŕ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH ACUTE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ă

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Ĺ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH ACUTE

306

198

C6

Ć

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

Č

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ę

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ě

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CARON

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ď

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CARON

320

208

D0

Đ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE

321

209

D1

Ń

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH ACUTE

322

210

D2

Ň

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CARON

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Ő

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

330

216

D8

Ř

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CARON

331

217

D9

Ů

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Ű

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ý

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

336

222

DE

Ţ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

ŕ

LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ă

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

ĺ

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE

346

230

E6

ć

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

č

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ę

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ě

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ď

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON

360

240

F0

đ

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE

361

241

F1

ń

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE

362

242

F2

ň

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

ő

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

÷

DIVISION SIGN

370

248

F8

ř

LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON

371

249

F9

ů

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

ű

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ý

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

376

254

FE

ţ

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA

377

255

FF

˙

DOT ABOVE

## NOTES
ISO 8859-2 is also known as Latin-2.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), iso_8859-1(7), iso_8859-16(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-3(7)

text:
# iso_8859-3(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-3 - ISO 8859-3 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in certain Southeast European languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-3 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ħ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH STROKE

242

162

A2

˘

BREVE

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

246

166

A6

Ĥ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

İ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE

252

170

AA

Ş

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

253

171

AB

Ğ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE

254

172

AC

Ĵ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

257

175

AF

Ż

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

ħ

LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE

262

178

B2

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

263

179

B3

³

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

264

180

B4

´

ACUTE ACCENT

265

181

B5

µ

MICRO SIGN

266

182

B6

ĥ

LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

¸

CEDILLA

271

185

B9

ı

LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I

272

186

BA

ş

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

273

187

BB

ğ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE

274

188

BC

ĵ

LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX

275

189

BD

½

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

277

191

BF

ż

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE

300

192

C0

À

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Ċ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE

306

198

C6

Ĉ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

È

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ê

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ì

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ï

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

321

209

D1

Ñ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE

322

210

D2

Ò

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Ġ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

330

216

D8

Ĝ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX

331

217

D9

Ù

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ŭ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH BREVE

336

222

DE

Ŝ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

à

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

ċ

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH DOT ABOVE

346

230

E6

ĉ

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

è

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ê

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ì

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ï

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

361

241

F1

ñ

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

362

242

F2

ò

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

ġ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

÷

DIVISION SIGN

370

248

F8

ĝ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CIRCUMFLEX

371

249

F9

ù

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ŭ

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE

376

254

FE

ŝ

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CIRCUMFLEX

377

255

FF

˙

DOT ABOVE

## NOTES
ISO 8859-3 is also known as Latin-3.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-4(7)

text:
# iso_8859-4(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-4 - ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in Scandinavian and Baltic languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-4 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ą

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

242

162

A2

ĸ

LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA (Greenlandic)

243

163

A3

Ŗ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

245

165

A5

Ĩ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE

246

166

A6

Ļ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

Š

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON

252

170

AA

Ē

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON

253

171

AB

Ģ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA

254

172

AC

Ŧ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH STROKE

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

Ž

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON

257

175

AF

¯

MACRON

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

ą

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK

262

178

B2

˛

OGONEK

263

179

B3

ŗ

LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA

264

180

B4

´

ACUTE ACCENT

265

181

B5

ĩ

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE

266

182

B6

ļ

LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA

267

183

B7

ˇ

CARON

270

184

B8

¸

CEDILLA

271

185

B9

š

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON

272

186

BA

ē

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON

273

187

BB

ģ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA

274

188

BC

ŧ

LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE

275

189

BD

Ŋ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ENG

276

190

BE

ž

LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON

277

191

BF

ŋ

LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG

300

192

C0

Ā

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ã

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Å

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

306

198

C6

Æ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

307

199

C7

Į

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK

310

200

C8

Č

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ę

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ė

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ī

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON

320

208

D0

Đ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE

321

209

D1

Ņ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA

322

210

D2

Ō

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON

323

211

D3

Ķ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Õ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

330

216

D8

Ø

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE

331

217

D9

Ų

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

Ũ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE

336

222

DE

Ū

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

ā

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ã

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

å

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

346

230

E6

æ

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

347

231

E7

į

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK

350

232

E8

č

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ę

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ė

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ī

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON

360

240

F0

đ

LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE

361

241

F1

ņ

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA

362

242

F2

ō

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON

363

243

F3

ķ

LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

õ

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

÷

DIVISION SIGN

370

248

F8

ø

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

371

249

F9

ų

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ũ

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE

376

254

FE

ū

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON

377

255

FF

˙

DOT ABOVE

## NOTES
ISO 8859-4 is also known as Latin-4.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-5(7)

text:
# iso_8859-5(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-5 - ISO 8859-5 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic characters used in many East European languages.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-5 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

Ё

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO

242

162

A2

Ђ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DJE

243

163

A3

Ѓ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GJE

244

164

A4

Є

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE

245

165

A5

Ѕ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZE

246

166

A6

І

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I

247

167

A7

Ї

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YI

250

168

A8

Ј

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER JE

251

169

A9

Љ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER LJE

252

170

AA

Њ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER NJE

253

171

AB

Ћ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSHE

254

172

AC

Ќ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KJE

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

Ў

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT U

257

175

AF

Џ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZHE

260

176

B0

А

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A

261

177

B1

Б

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE

262

178

B2

В

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE

263

179

B3

Г

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE

264

180

B4

Д

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE

265

181

B5

Е

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE

266

182

B6

Ж

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE

267

183

B7

З

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE

270

184

B8

И

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I

271

185

B9

Й

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I

272

186

BA

К

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA

273

187

BB

Л

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL

274

188

BC

М

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM

275

189

BD

Н

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN

276

190

BE

О

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O

277

191

BF

П

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE

300

192

C0

Р

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER

301

193

C1

С

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES

302

194

C2

Т

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE

303

195

C3

У

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U

304

196

C4

Ф

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF

305

197

C5

Х

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA

306

198

C6

Ц

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE

307

199

C7

Ч

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE

310

200

C8

Ш

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA

311

201

C9

Щ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA

312

202

CA

Ъ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN

313

203

CB

Ы

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU

314

204

CC

Ь

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN

315

205

CD

Э

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E

316

206

CE

Ю

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU

317

207

CF

Я

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA

320

208

D0

а

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A

321

209

D1

б

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE

322

210

D2

в

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE

323

211

D3

г

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE

324

212

D4

д

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE

325

213

D5

е

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE

326

214

D6

ж

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE

327

215

D7

з

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE

330

216

D8

и

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I

331

217

D9

й

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I

332

218

DA

к

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA

333

219

DB

л

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL

334

220

DC

м

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM

335

221

DD

н

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN

336

222

DE

о

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O

337

223

DF

п

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE

340

224

E0

р

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER

341

225

E1

с

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES

342

226

E2

т

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE

343

227

E3

у

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U

344

228

E4

ф

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF

345

229

E5

х

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA

346

230

E6

ц

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE

347

231

E7

ч

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE

350

232

E8

ш

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA

351

233

E9

щ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA

352

234

EA

ъ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN

353

235

EB

ы

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU

354

236

EC

ь

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN

355

237

ED

э

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E

356

238

EE

ю

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU

357

239

EF

я

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA

360

240

F0

№

NUMERO SIGN

361

241

F1

ё

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO

362

242

F2

ђ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DJE

363

243

F3

ѓ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE

364

244

F4

є

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE

365

245

F5

ѕ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE

366

246

F6

і

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I

367

247

F7

ї

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI

370

248

F8

ј

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE

371

249

F9

љ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LJE

372

250

FA

њ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NJE

373

251

FB

ј

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSHE

374

252

FC

ќ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KJE

375

253

FD

§

SECTION SIGN

376

254

FE

ў

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT U

377

255

FF

џ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), cp1251(7), koi8-r(7), koi8-u(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-6(7)

text:
# iso_8859-6(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-6 - ISO 8859-6 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-6 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

254

172

AC

،

ARABIC COMMA

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

273

187

BB

؛

ARABIC SEMICOLON

277

191

BF

؟

ARABIC QUESTION MARK

301

193

C1

ء

ARABIC LETTER HAMZA

302

194

C2

آ

ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE

303

195

C3

أ

ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE

304

196

C4

ؤ

ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE

305

197

C5

إ

ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW

306

198

C6

ئ

ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE

307

199

C7

ا

ARABIC LETTER ALEF

310

200

C8

ب

ARABIC LETTER BEH

311

201

C9

ة

ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA

312

202

CA

ت

ARABIC LETTER TEH

313

203

CB

ث

ARABIC LETTER THEH

314

204

CC

ج

ARABIC LETTER JEEM

315

205

CD

ح

ARABIC LETTER HAH

316

206

CE

خ

ARABIC LETTER KHAH

317

207

CF

د

ARABIC LETTER DAL

320

208

D0

ذ

ARABIC LETTER THAL

321

209

D1

ر

ARABIC LETTER REH

322

210

D2

ز

ARABIC LETTER ZAIN

323

211

D3

س

ARABIC LETTER SEEN

324

212

D4

ش

ARABIC LETTER SHEEN

325

213

D5

ص

ARABIC LETTER SAD

326

214

D6

ض

ARABIC LETTER DAD

327

215

D7

ط

ARABIC LETTER TAH

330

216

D8

ظ

ARABIC LETTER ZAH

331

217

D9

ع

ARABIC LETTER AIN

332

218

DA

غ

ARABIC LETTER GHAIN

340

224

E0

ـ

ARABIC TATWEEL

341

225

E1

ف

ARABIC LETTER FEH

342

226

E2

ق

ARABIC LETTER QAF

343

227

E3

ك

ARABIC LETTER KAF

344

228

E4

ل

ARABIC LETTER LAM

345

229

E5

م

ARABIC LETTER MEEM

346

230

E6

ن

ARABIC LETTER NOON

347

231

E7

ه

ARABIC LETTER HEH

350

232

E8

و

ARABIC LETTER WAW

351

233

E9

ى

ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA

352

234

EA

ي

ARABIC LETTER YEH

353

235

EB

ً

ARABIC FATHATAN

354

236

EC

ٌ

ARABIC DAMMATAN

355

237

ED

ٍ

ARABIC KASRATAN

356

238

EE

َ

ARABIC FATHA

357

239

EF

ُ

ARABIC DAMMA

360

240

F0

ِ

ARABIC KASRA

361

241

F1

ّ

ARABIC SHADDA

362

242

F2

ْ

ARABIC SUKUN

## NOTES
ISO 8859-6 lacks the glyphs required for many related languages, such as Urdu and Persian (Farsi).

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-7(7)

text:
# iso_8859-7(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-7 - ISO 8859-7 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-7 encodes the characters used in modern monotonic Greek.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-7 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

‘

LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

242

162

A2

’

RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

€

EURO SIGN

245

165

A5

₯

DRACHMA SIGN

246

166

A6

¦

BROKEN BAR

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

ͺ

GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI

253

171

AB

«

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

254

172

AC

¬

NOT SIGN

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

257

175

AF

―

HORIZONTAL BAR

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

±

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

262

178

B2

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

263

179

B3

³

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

264

180

B4

΄

GREEK TONOS

265

181

B5

΅

GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS

266

182

B6

Ά

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

Έ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS

271

185

B9

Ή

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS

272

186

BA

Ί

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS

273

187

BB

»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

274

188

BC

Ό

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS

275

189

BD

½

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

276

190

BE

Ύ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS

277

191

BF

Ώ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS

300

192

C0

ΐ

GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS

301

193

C1

Α

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA

302

194

C2

Β

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA

303

195

C3

Γ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA

304

196

C4

Δ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA

305

197

C5

Ε

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON

306

198

C6

Ζ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA

307

199

C7

Η

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA

310

200

C8

Θ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA

311

201

C9

Ι

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA

312

202

CA

Κ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA

313

203

CB

Λ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA

314

204

CC

Μ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU

315

205

CD

Ν

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU

316

206

CE

Ξ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI

317

207

CF

Ο

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON

320

208

D0

Π

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI

321

209

D1

Ρ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO

323

211

D3

Σ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA

324

212

D4

Τ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU

325

213

D5

Υ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON

326

214

D6

Φ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI

327

215

D7

Χ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI

330

216

D8

Ψ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI

331

217

D9

Ω

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA

332

218

DA

Ϊ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA

333

219

DB

Ϋ

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA

334

220

DC

ά

GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS

335

221

DD

έ

GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS

336

222

DE

ή

GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS

337

223

DF

ί

GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH TONOS

340

224

E0

ΰ

GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS

341

225

E1

α

GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA

342

226

E2

β

GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA

343

227

E3

γ

GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA

344

228

E4

δ

GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA

345

229

E5

ε

GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON

346

230

E6

ζ

GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA

347

231

E7

η

GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA

350

232

E8

θ

GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA

351

233

E9

ι

GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA

352

234

EA

κ

GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA

353

235

EB

λ

GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMBDA

354

236

EC

μ

GREEK SMALL LETTER MU

355

237

ED

ν

GREEK SMALL LETTER NU

356

238

EE

ξ

GREEK SMALL LETTER XI

357

239

EF

ο

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON

360

240

F0

π

GREEK SMALL LETTER PI

361

241

F1

ρ

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO

362

242

F2

ς

GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA

363

243

F3

σ

GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA

364

244

F4

τ

GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU

365

245

F5

υ

GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON

366

246

F6

φ

GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI

367

247

F7

χ

GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI

370

248

F8

ψ

GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI

371

249

F9

ω

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA

372

250

FA

ϊ

GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA

373

251

FB

ϋ

GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA

374

252

FC

ό

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS

375

253

FD

ύ

GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS

376

254

FE

ώ

GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH TONOS

## NOTES
ISO 8859-7 was formerly known as ELOT-928 or ECMA-118:1986.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-8(7)

text:
# iso_8859-8(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-8 - ISO 8859-8 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-8 encodes the characters used in Modern Hebrew.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-8 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

242

162

A2

¢

CENT SIGN

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

245

165

A5

¥

YEN SIGN

246

166

A6

¦

BROKEN BAR

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

253

171

AB

«

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

254

172

AC

¬

NOT SIGN

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

®

REGISTERED SIGN

257

175

AF

¯

MACRON

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

±

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

262

178

B2

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

263

179

B3

³

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

264

180

B4

´

ACUTE ACCENT

265

181

B5

µ

MICRO SIGN

266

182

B6

¶

PILCROW SIGN

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

¸

CEDILLA

271

185

B9

¹

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

272

186

BA

÷

DIVISION SIGN

273

187

BB

»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

274

188

BC

¼

VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER

275

189

BD

½

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

276

190

BE

¾

VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS

337

223

DF

‗

DOUBLE LOW LINE

340

224

E0

א

HEBREW LETTER ALEF

341

225

E1

ב

HEBREW LETTER BET

342

226

E2

ג

HEBREW LETTER GIMEL

343

227

E3

ד

HEBREW LETTER DALET

344

228

E4

ה

HEBREW LETTER HE

345

229

E5

ו

HEBREW LETTER VAV

346

230

E6

ז

HEBREW LETTER ZAYIN

347

231

E7

ח

HEBREW LETTER HET

350

232

E8

ט

HEBREW LETTER TET

351

233

E9

י

HEBREW LETTER YOD

352

234

EA

ך

HEBREW LETTER FINAL KAF

353

235

EB

כ

HEBREW LETTER KAF

354

236

EC

ל

HEBREW LETTER LAMED

355

237

ED

ם

HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM

356

238

EE

מ

HEBREW LETTER MEM

357

239

EF

ן

HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN

360

240

F0

נ

HEBREW LETTER NUN

361

241

F1

ס

HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH

362

242

F2

ע

HEBREW LETTER AYIN

363

243

F3

ף

HEBREW LETTER FINAL PE

364

244

F4

פ

HEBREW LETTER PE

365

245

F5

ץ

HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI

366

246

F6

צ

HEBREW LETTER TSADI

367

247

F7

ק

HEBREW LETTER QOF

370

248

F8

ר

HEBREW LETTER RESH

371

249

F9

ש

HEBREW LETTER SHIN

372

250

FA

ת

HEBREW LETTER TAV

375

253

FD

LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK

376

254

FE

RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK

## NOTES
ISO 8859-8 was also known as ISO-IR-138. ISO 8859-8 includes neither short vowels nor diacritical marks, and Yiddish is not provided for.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: iso_8859-9(7)

text:
# iso_8859-9(7)

## NAME
iso_8859-9 - ISO 8859-9 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-9 encodes the characters used in Turkish.

### ISO 8859 alphabets
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:

ISO 8859-1

West European languages (Latin-1)

ISO 8859-2

Central and East European languages (Latin-2)

ISO 8859-3

Southeast European and miscellaneous languages (Latin-3)

ISO 8859-4

Scandinavian/Baltic languages (Latin-4)

ISO 8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic

ISO 8859-6

Latin/Arabic

ISO 8859-7

Latin/Greek

ISO 8859-8

Latin/Hebrew

ISO 8859-9

Latin-1 modification for Turkish (Latin-5)

ISO 8859-10

Lappish/Nordic/Eskimo languages (Latin-6)

ISO 8859-11

Latin/Thai

ISO 8859-13

Baltic Rim languages (Latin-7)

ISO 8859-14

Celtic (Latin-8)

ISO 8859-15

West European languages (Latin-9)

ISO 8859-16

Romanian (Latin-10)

### ISO 8859-9 characters
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

240

160

A0

NO-BREAK SPACE

241

161

A1

¡

INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK

242

162

A2

¢

CENT SIGN

243

163

A3

£

POUND SIGN

244

164

A4

¤

CURRENCY SIGN

245

165

A5

¥

YEN SIGN

246

166

A6

¦

BROKEN BAR

247

167

A7

§

SECTION SIGN

250

168

A8

¨

DIAERESIS

251

169

A9

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

252

170

AA

ª

FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR

253

171

AB

«

LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

254

172

AC

¬

NOT SIGN

255

173

AD

SOFT HYPHEN

256

174

AE

®

REGISTERED SIGN

257

175

AF

¯

MACRON

260

176

B0

°

DEGREE SIGN

261

177

B1

±

PLUS-MINUS SIGN

262

178

B2

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

263

179

B3

³

SUPERSCRIPT THREE

264

180

B4

´

ACUTE ACCENT

265

181

B5

µ

MICRO SIGN

266

182

B6

¶

PILCROW SIGN

267

183

B7

·

MIDDLE DOT

270

184

B8

¸

CEDILLA

271

185

B9

¹

SUPERSCRIPT ONE

272

186

BA

º

MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

273

187

BB

»

RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK

274

188

BC

¼

VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER

275

189

BD

½

VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF

276

190

BE

¾

VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS

277

191

BF

¿

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

300

192

C0

À

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

301

193

C1

Á

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

302

194

C2

Â

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

303

195

C3

Ã

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE

304

196

C4

Ä

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

305

197

C5

Å

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

306

198

C6

Æ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE

307

199

C7

Ç

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

310

200

C8

È

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

311

201

C9

É

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

312

202

CA

Ê

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

313

203

CB

Ë

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

314

204

CC

Ì

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

315

205

CD

Í

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

316

206

CE

Î

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

317

207

CF

Ï

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

320

208

D0

Ğ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE

321

209

D1

Ñ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE

322

210

D2

Ò

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

323

211

D3

Ó

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

324

212

D4

Ô

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

325

213

D5

Õ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE

326

214

D6

Ö

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

327

215

D7

×

MULTIPLICATION SIGN

330

216

D8

Ø

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE

331

217

D9

Ù

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

332

218

DA

Ú

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

333

219

DB

Û

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

334

220

DC

Ü

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

335

221

DD

İ

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE

336

222

DE

Ş

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

337

223

DF

ß

LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S

340

224

E0

à

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE

341

225

E1

á

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

342

226

E2

â

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX

343

227

E3

ã

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE

344

228

E4

ä

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS

345

229

E5

å

LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE

346

230

E6

æ

LATIN SMALL LETTER AE

347

231

E7

ç

LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA

350

232

E8

è

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE

351

233

E9

é

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

352

234

EA

ê

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX

353

235

EB

ë

LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS

354

236

EC

ì

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE

355

237

ED

í

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

356

238

EE

î

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX

357

239

EF

ï

LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS

360

240

F0

ğ

LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE

361

241

F1

ñ

LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE

362

242

F2

ò

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE

363

243

F3

ó

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

364

244

F4

ô

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX

365

245

F5

õ

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE

366

246

F6

ö

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS

367

247

F7

÷

DIVISION SIGN

370

248

F8

ø

LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE

371

249

F9

ù

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE

372

250

FA

ú

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE

373

251

FB

û

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX

374

252

FC

ü

LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS

375

253

FD

ı

LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I

376

254

FE

ş

LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA

377

255

FF

ÿ

LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

## NOTES
ISO 8859-9 is also known as Latin-5.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), utf-8(7)


title: kernel_lockdown(7)

summary: kernel image access prevention feature

text:
# kernel_lockdown(7)

## NAME
kernel_lockdown - kernel image access prevention feature

## DESCRIPTION
The Kernel Lockdown feature is designed to prevent both direct and indirect access to a running kernel image, attempting to protect against unauthorized modification of the kernel image and to prevent access to security and cryptographic data located in kernel memory, whilst still permitting driver modules to be loaded.

If a prohibited or restricted feature is accessed or used, the kernel will emit a message that looks like:

Lockdown: X: Y is restricted, see man kernel_lockdown.7

where X indicates the process name and Y indicates what is restricted.

On an EFI-enabled x86 or arm64 machine, lockdown will be automatically enabled if the system boots in EFI Secure Boot mode.

### Coverage
When lockdown is in effect, a number of features are disabled or have their use restricted. This includes special device files and kernel services that allow direct access of the kernel image:

/dev/mem

/dev/kmem

/dev/kcore

/dev/ioports

BPF

kprobes

and the ability to directly configure and control devices, so as to prevent the use of a device to access or modify a kernel image:

- The use of module parameters that directly specify hardware parameters to drivers through the kernel command line or when loading a module.

- The use of direct PCI BAR access.

- The use of the ioperm and iopl instructions on x86.

- The use of the KD*IO console ioctls.

- The use of the TIOCSSERIAL serial ioctl.

- The alteration of MSR registers on x86.

- The replacement of the PCMCIA CIS.

- The overriding of ACPI tables.

- The use of ACPI error injection.

- The specification of the ACPI RDSP address.

- The use of ACPI custom methods.

Certain facilities are restricted:

- Only validly signed modules may be loaded (waived if the module file being loaded is vouched for by IMA appraisal).

- Only validly signed binaries may be kexec'd (waived if the binary image file to be executed is vouched for by IMA appraisal).

- Unencrypted hibernation/suspend to swap are disallowed as the kernel image is saved to a medium that can then be accessed.

- Use of debugfs is not permitted as this allows a whole range of actions including direct configuration of, access to and driving of hardware.

- IMA requires the addition of the "secure_boot" rules to the policy, whether or not they are specified on the command line, for both the built-in and custom policies in secure boot lockdown mode.

## VERSIONS
The Kernel Lockdown feature was added in Linux 5.4.

## NOTES
The Kernel Lockdown feature is enabled by CONFIG_SECURITY_LOCKDOWN_LSM. The lsm=lsm1,...,lsmN command line parameter controls the sequence of the initialization of Linux Security Modules. It must contain the string lockdown to enable the Kernel Lockdown feature. If the command line parameter is not specified, the initialization falls back to the value of the deprecated security= command line parameter and further to the value of CONFIG_LSM.


keyrings

title: keyrings(7)

text:
# keyrings(7)

## NAME
keyrings - in-kernel key management and retention facility

## DESCRIPTION
The Linux key-management facility is primarily a way for various kernel components to retain or cache security data, authentication keys, encryption keys, and other data in the kernel.

System call interfaces are provided so that user-space programs can manage those objects and also use the facility for their own purposes; see add_key(2), request_key(2), and keyctl(2).

A library and some user-space utilities are provided to allow access to the facility. See keyctl(1), keyctl(3), and keyutils(7) for more information.

### Keys
A key has the following attributes:

Serial number (ID)

This is a unique integer handle by which a key is referred to in system calls. The serial number is sometimes synonymously referred as the key ID. Programmatically, key serial numbers are represented using the type key_serial_t.

Type

A key's type defines what sort of data can be held in the key, how the proposed content of the key will be parsed, and how the payload will be used.

There are a number of general-purpose types available, plus some specialist types defined by specific kernel components.

Description (name)

The key description is a printable string that is used as the search term for the key (in conjunction with the key type) as well as a display name. During searches, the description may be partially matched or exactly matched.

Payload (data)

The payload is the actual content of a key. This is usually set when a key is created, but it is possible for the kernel to upcall to user space to finish the instantiation of a key if that key wasn't already known to the kernel when it was requested. For further details, see request_key(2).

A key's payload can be read and updated if the key type supports it and if suitable permission is granted to the caller.

Access rights

Much as files do, each key has an owning user ID, an owning group ID, and a security label. Each key also has a set of permissions, though there are more than for a normal UNIX file, and there is an additional category—possessor—beyond the usual user, group, and other (see Possession, below).

Note that keys are quota controlled, since they require unswappable kernel memory. The owning user ID specifies whose quota is to be debited.

Expiration time

Each key can have an expiration time set. When that time is reached, the key is marked as being expired and accesses to it fail with the error EKEYEXPIRED. If not deleted, updated, or replaced, then, after a set amount of time, an expired key is automatically removed (garbage collected) along with all links to it, and attempts to access the key fail with the error ENOKEY.

Reference count

Each key has a reference count. Keys are referenced by keyrings, by currently active users, and by a process's credentials. When the reference count reaches zero, the key is scheduled for garbage collection.

### Key types
The kernel provides several basic types of key:

"keyring"

Keyrings are special keys which store a set of links to other keys (including other keyrings), analogous to a directory holding links to files. The main purpose of a keyring is to prevent other keys from being garbage collected because nothing refers to them.

Keyrings with descriptions (names) that begin with a period ('.') are reserved to the implementation.

"user"

This is a general-purpose key type. The key is kept entirely within kernel memory. The payload may be read and updated by user-space applications.

The payload for keys of this type is a blob of arbitrary data of up to 32,767 bytes.

The description may be any valid string, though it is preferred that it start with a colon-delimited prefix representing the service to which the key is of interest (for instance "afs:mykey").

"logon" (since Linux 3.3)

This key type is essentially the same as "user", but it does not provide reading (i.e., the keyctl(2) KEYCTL_READ operation), meaning that the key payload is never visible from user space. This is suitable for storing username-password pairs that should not be readable from user space.

The description of a "logon" key must start with a non-empty colon-delimited prefix whose purpose is to identify the service to which the key belongs. (Note that this differs from keys of the "user" type, where the inclusion of a prefix is recommended but is not enforced.)

"big_key" (since Linux 3.13)

This key type is similar to the "user" key type, but it may hold a payload of up to 1 MiB in size. This key type is useful for purposes such as holding Kerberos ticket caches.

The payload data may be stored in a tmpfs filesystem, rather than in kernel memory, if the data size exceeds the overhead of storing the data in the filesystem. (Storing the data in a filesystem requires filesystem structures to be allocated in the kernel. The size of these structures determines the size threshold above which the tmpfs storage method is used.) Since Linux 4.8, the payload data is encrypted when stored in tmpfs, thereby preventing it from being written unencrypted into swap space.

There are more specialized key types available also, but they aren't discussed here because they aren't intended for normal user-space use.

Key type names that begin with a period ('.') are reserved to the implementation.

### Keyrings
As previously mentioned, keyrings are a special type of key that contain links to other keys (which may include other keyrings). Keys may be linked to by multiple keyrings. Keyrings may be considered as analogous to UNIX directories where each directory contains a set of hard links to files.

Various operations (system calls) may be applied only to keyrings:

Adding

A key may be added to a keyring by system calls that create keys. This prevents the new key from being immediately deleted when the system call releases its last reference to the key.

Linking

A link may be added to a keyring pointing to a key that is already known, provided this does not create a self-referential cycle.

Unlinking

A link may be removed from a keyring. When the last link to a key is removed, that key will be scheduled for deletion by the garbage collector.

Clearing

All the links may be removed from a keyring.

Searching

A keyring may be considered the root of a tree or subtree in which keyrings form the branches and non-keyrings the leaves. This tree may be searched for a key matching a particular type and description.

See keyctl_clear(3), keyctl_link(3), keyctl_search(3), and keyctl_unlink(3) for more information.

### Anchoring keys
To prevent a key from being garbage collected, it must be anchored to keep its reference count elevated when it is not in active use by the kernel.

Keyrings are used to anchor other keys: each link is a reference on a key. Note that keyrings themselves are just keys and are also subject to the same anchoring requirement to prevent them being garbage collected.

The kernel makes available a number of anchor keyrings. Note that some of these keyrings will be created only when first accessed.

Process keyrings

Process credentials themselves reference keyrings with specific semantics. These keyrings are pinned as long as the set of credentials exists, which is usually as long as the process exists.

There are three keyrings with different inheritance/sharing rules: the session-keyring(7) (inherited and shared by all child processes), the process-keyring(7) (shared by all threads in a process) and the thread-keyring(7) (specific to a particular thread).

As an alternative to using the actual keyring IDs, in calls to add_key(2), keyctl(2), and request_key(2), the special keyring values KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, KEY_SPEC_PROCESS_KEYRING, and KEY_SPEC_THREAD_KEYRING can be used to refer to the caller's own instances of these keyrings.

User keyrings

Each UID known to the kernel has a record that contains two keyrings: the user-keyring(7) and the user-session-keyring(7). These exist for as long as the UID record in the kernel exists.

As an alternative to using the actual keyring IDs, in calls to add_key(2), keyctl(2), and request_key(2), the special keyring values KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING and KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING can be used to refer to the caller's own instances of these keyrings.

A link to the user keyring is placed in a new session keyring by pam_keyinit(8) when a new login session is initiated.

Persistent keyrings

There is a persistent-keyring(7) available to each UID known to the system. It may persist beyond the life of the UID record previously mentioned, but has an expiration time set such that it is automatically cleaned up after a set time. The persistent keyring permits, for example, cron(8) scripts to use credentials that are left in the persistent keyring after the user logs out.

Note that the expiration time of the persistent keyring is reset every time the persistent key is requested.

Special keyrings

There are special keyrings owned by the kernel that can anchor keys for special purposes. An example of this is the system keyring used for holding encryption keys for module signature verification.

These special keyrings are usually closed to direct alteration by user space.

An originally planned "group keyring", for storing keys associated with each GID known to the kernel, is not so far implemented, is unlikely to be implemented. Nevertheless, the constant KEY_SPEC_GROUP_KEYRING has been defined for this keyring.

### Possession
The concept of possession is important to understanding the keyrings security model. Whether a thread possesses a key is determined by the following rules:

(1)

Any key or keyring that does not grant search permission to the caller is ignored in all the following rules.

(2)

A thread possesses its session-keyring(7), process-keyring(7), and thread-keyring(7) directly because those keyrings are referred to by its credentials.

(3)

If a keyring is possessed, then any key it links to is also possessed.

(4)

If any key a keyring links to is itself a keyring, then rule (3) applies recursively.

(5)

If a process is upcalled from the kernel to instantiate a key (see request_key(2)), then it also possesses the requester's keyrings as in rule (1) as if it were the requester.

Note that possession is not a fundamental property of a key, but must rather be calculated each time the key is needed.

Possession is designed to allow set-user-ID programs run from, say a user's shell to access the user's keys. Granting permissions to the key possessor while denying them to the key owner and group allows the prevention of access to keys on the basis of UID and GID matches.

When it creates the session keyring, pam_keyinit(8) adds a link to the user-keyring(7), thus making the user keyring and anything it contains possessed by default.

### Access rights
Each key has the following security-related attributes:

- The owning user ID

- The ID of a group that is permitted to access the key

- A security label

- A permissions mask

The permissions mask contains four sets of rights. The first three sets are mutually exclusive. One and only one will be in force for a particular access check. In order of descending priority, these three sets are:

user

The set specifies the rights granted if the key's user ID matches the caller's filesystem user ID.

group

The set specifies the rights granted if the user ID didn't match and the key's group ID matches the caller's filesystem GID or one of the caller's supplementary group IDs.

other

The set specifies the rights granted if neither the key's user ID nor group ID matched.

The fourth set of rights is:

possessor

The set specifies the rights granted if a key is determined to be possessed by the caller.

The complete set of rights for a key is the union of whichever of the first three sets is applicable plus the fourth set if the key is possessed.

The set of rights that may be granted in each of the four masks is as follows:

view

The attributes of the key may be read. This includes the type, description, and access rights (excluding the security label).

read

For a key: the payload of the key may be read. For a keyring: the list of serial numbers (keys) to which the keyring has links may be read.

write

The payload of the key may be updated and the key may be revoked. For a keyring, links may be added to or removed from the keyring, and the keyring may be cleared completely (all links are removed),

search

For a key (or a keyring): the key may be found by a search. For a keyring: keys and keyrings that are linked to by the keyring may be searched.

link

Links may be created from keyrings to the key. The initial link to a key that is established when the key is created doesn't require this permission.

setattr

The ownership details and security label of the key may be changed, the key's expiration time may be set, and the key may be revoked.

In addition to access rights, any active Linux Security Module (LSM) may prevent access to a key if its policy so dictates. A key may be given a security label or other attribute by the LSM; this label is retrievable via keyctl_get_security(3).

See keyctl_chown(3), keyctl_describe(3), keyctl_get_security(3), keyctl_setperm(3), and selinux(8) for more information.

### Searching for keys
One of the key features of the Linux key-management facility is the ability to find a key that a process is retaining. The request_key(2) system call is the primary point of access for user-space applications to find a key. (Internally, the kernel has something similar available for use by internal components that make use of keys.)

The search algorithm works as follows:

(1)

The process keyrings are searched in the following order: the thread thread-keyring(7) if it exists, the process-keyring(7) if it exists, and then either the session-keyring(7) if it exists or the user-session-keyring(7) if that exists.

(2)

If the caller was a process that was invoked by the request_key(2) upcall mechanism, then the keyrings of the original caller of request_key(2) will be searched as well.

(3)

The search of a keyring tree is in breadth-first order: each keyring is searched first for a match, then the keyrings referred to by that keyring are searched.

(4)

If a matching key is found that is valid, then the search terminates and that key is returned.

(5)

If a matching key is found that has an error state attached, that error state is noted and the search continues.

(6)

If no valid matching key is found, then the first noted error state is returned; otherwise, an ENOKEY error is returned.

It is also possible to search a specific keyring, in which case only steps (3) to (6) apply.

See request_key(2) and keyctl_search(3) for more information.

### On-demand key creation
If a key cannot be found, request_key(2) will, if given a callout_info argument, create a new key and then upcall to user space to instantiate the key. This allows keys to be created on an as-needed basis.

Typically, this will involve the kernel creating a new process that executes the request-key(8) program, which will then execute the appropriate handler based on its configuration.

The handler is passed a special authorization key that allows it and only it to instantiate the new key. This is also used to permit searches performed by the handler program to also search the requester's keyrings.

See request_key(2), keyctl_assume_authority(3), keyctl_instantiate(3), keyctl_negate(3), keyctl_reject(3), request-key(8), and request-key.conf(5) for more information.

### /proc files
The kernel provides various /proc files that expose information about keys or define limits on key usage.

/proc/keys (since Linux 2.6.10)

This file exposes a list of the keys for which the reading thread has view permission, providing various information about each key. The thread need not possess the key for it to be visible in this file.

The only keys included in the list are those that grant view permission to the reading process (regardless of whether or not it possesses them). LSM security checks are still performed, and may filter out further keys that the process is not authorized to view.

An example of the data that one might see in this file (with the columns numbered for easy reference below) is the following:

```
  (1)     (2)     (3)(4)    (5)     (6)   (7)   (8)        (9)
009a2028 I--Q---   1 perm 3f010000  1000  1000 user     krb_ccache:primary: 12
1806c4ba I--Q---   1 perm 3f010000  1000  1000 keyring  _pid: 2
25d3a08f I--Q---   1 perm 1f3f0000  1000 65534 keyring  _uid_ses.1000: 1
28576bd8 I--Q---   3 perm 3f010000  1000  1000 keyring  _krb: 1
2c546d21 I--Q--- 190 perm 3f030000  1000  1000 keyring  _ses: 2
30a4e0be I------   4   2d 1f030000  1000 65534 keyring  _persistent.1000: 1
32100fab I--Q---   4 perm 1f3f0000  1000 65534 keyring  _uid.1000: 2
32a387ea I--Q---   1 perm 3f010000  1000  1000 keyring  _pid: 2
3ce56aea I--Q---   5 perm 3f030000  1000  1000 keyring  _ses: 1

```

The fields shown in each line of this file are as follows:

ID (1)

The ID (serial number) of the key, expressed in hexadecimal.

Flags (2)

A set of flags describing the state of the key:

I

The key has been instantiated.

R

The key has been revoked.

D

The key is dead (i.e., the key type has been unregistered). (A key may be briefly in this state during garbage collection.)

Q

The key contributes to the user's quota.

U

The key is under construction via a callback to user space; see request-key(2).

N

The key is negatively instantiated.

i

The key has been invalidated.

Usage (3)

This is a count of the number of kernel credential structures that are pinning the key (approximately: the number of threads and open file references that refer to this key).

Timeout (4)

The amount of time until the key will expire, expressed in human-readable form (weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds). The string perm here means that the key is permanent (no timeout). The string expd means that the key has already expired, but has not yet been garbage collected.

Permissions (5)

The key permissions, expressed as four hexadecimal bytes containing, from left to right, the possessor, user, group, and other permissions. Within each byte, the permission bits are as follows:

0x01

view

Ox02

read

0x04

write

0x08

search

0x10

link

0x20

setattr

UID (6)

The user ID of the key owner.

GID (7)

The group ID of the key. The value -1 here means that the key has no group ID; this can occur in certain circumstances for keys created by the kernel.

Type (8)

The key type (user, keyring, etc.)

Description (9)

The key description (name). This field contains descriptive information about the key. For most key types, it has the form

name[: extra-info]

The name subfield is the key's description (name). The optional extra-info field provides some further information about the key. The information that appears here depends on the key type, as follows:

"user" and "logon"

The size in bytes of the key payload (expressed in decimal).

"keyring"

The number of keys linked to the keyring, or the string empty if there are no keys linked to the keyring.

"big_key"

The payload size in bytes, followed either by the string [file], if the key payload exceeds the threshold that means that the payload is stored in a (swappable) tmpfs(5) filesystem, or otherwise the string [buff], indicating that the key is small enough to reside in kernel memory.

For the ".request_key_auth" key type (authorization key; see request_key(2)), the description field has the form shown in the following example:

key:c9a9b19 pid:28880 ci:10

The three subfields are as follows:

key

The hexadecimal ID of the key being instantiated in the requesting program.

pid

The PID of the requesting program.

ci

The length of the callout data with which the requested key should be instantiated (i.e., the length of the payload associated with the authorization key).

/proc/key-users (since Linux 2.6.10)

This file lists various information for each user ID that has at least one key on the system. An example of the data that one might see in this file is the following:

```
   0:    10 9/9 2/1000000 22/25000000

  42:     9 9/9 8/200 106/20000
1000:    11 11/11 10/200 271/20000

```

The fields shown in each line are as follows:

uid

The user ID.

usage

This is a kernel-internal usage count for the kernel structure used to record key users.

nkeys/nikeys

The total number of keys owned by the user, and the number of those keys that have been instantiated.

qnkeys/maxkeys

The number of keys owned by the user, and the maximum number of keys that the user may own.

qnbytes/maxbytes

The number of bytes consumed in payloads of the keys owned by this user, and the upper limit on the number of bytes in key payloads for that user.

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/gc_delay (since Linux 2.6.32)

The value in this file specifies the interval, in seconds, after which revoked and expired keys will be garbage collected. The purpose of having such an interval is so that there is a window of time where user space can see an error (respectively EKEYREVOKED and EKEYEXPIRED) that indicates what happened to the key.

The default value in this file is 300 (i.e., 5 minutes).

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/persistent_keyring_expiry (since Linux 3.13)

This file defines an interval, in seconds, to which the persistent keyring's expiration timer is reset each time the keyring is accessed (via keyctl_get_persistent(3) or the keyctl(2) KEYCTL_GET_PERSISTENT operation.)

The default value in this file is 259200 (i.e., 3 days).

The following files (which are writable by privileged processes) are used to enforce quotas on the number of keys and number of bytes of data that can be stored in key payloads:

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/maxbytes (since Linux 2.6.26)

This is the maximum number of bytes of data that a nonroot user can hold in the payloads of the keys owned by the user.

The default value in this file is 20,000.

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/maxkeys (since Linux 2.6.26)

This is the maximum number of keys that a nonroot user may own.

The default value in this file is 200.

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/root_maxbytes (since Linux 2.6.26)

This is the maximum number of bytes of data that the root user (UID 0 in the root user namespace) can hold in the payloads of the keys owned by root.

The default value in this file is 25,000,000 (20,000 before Linux 3.17).

/proc/sys/kernel/keys/root_maxkeys (since Linux 2.6.26)

This is the maximum number of keys that the root user (UID 0 in the root user namespace) may own.

The default value in this file is 1,000,000 (200 before Linux 3.17).

With respect to keyrings, note that each link in a keyring consumes 4 bytes of the keyring payload.

### Users
The Linux key-management facility has a number of users and usages, but is not limited to those that already exist.

In-kernel users of this facility include:

Network filesystems - DNS

The kernel uses the upcall mechanism provided by the keys to upcall to user space to do DNS lookups and then to cache the results.

AF_RXRPC and kAFS - Authentication

The AF_RXRPC network protocol and the in-kernel AFS filesystem use keys to store the ticket needed to do secured or encrypted traffic. These are then looked up by network operations on AF_RXRPC and filesystem operations on kAFS.

NFS - User ID mapping

The NFS filesystem uses keys to store mappings of foreign user IDs to local user IDs.

CIFS - Password

The CIFS filesystem uses keys to store passwords for accessing remote shares.

Module verification

The kernel build process can be made to cryptographically sign modules. That signature is then checked when a module is loaded.

User-space users of this facility include:

Kerberos key storage

The MIT Kerberos 5 facility (libkrb5) can use keys to store authentication tokens which can be made to be automatically cleaned up a set time after the user last uses them, but until then permits them to hang around after the user has logged out so that cron(8) scripts can use them.

## SEE ALSO
keyctl(1), add_key(2), keyctl(2), request_key(2), keyctl(3), keyutils(7), persistent-keyring(7), process-keyring(7), session-keyring(7), thread-keyring(7), user-keyring(7), user-session-keyring(7), pam_keyinit(8), request-key(8)

The kernel source files Documentation/crypto/asymmetric-keys.txt and under Documentation/security/keys (or, before Linux 4.13, in the file Documentation/security/keys.txt).


title: koi8-r(7)

text:
# koi8-r(7)

## NAME
koi8-r - Russian character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

## DESCRIPTION
RFC 1489 defines an 8-bit character set, KOI8-R. KOI8-R encodes the characters used in Russian.

### KOI8-R characters
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R that are printable and unlisted in the ascii(7) manual page.

Oct

Dec

Hex

Char

Description

200

128

80

─

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL

201

129

81

│

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL

202

130

82

┌

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND RIGHT

203

131

83

┐

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND LEFT

204

132

84

└

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND RIGHT

205

133

85

┘

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND LEFT

206

134

86

├

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND RIGHT

207

135

87

┤

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND LEFT

210

136

88

┬

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND HORIZONTAL

211

137

89

┴

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL

212

138

8A

┼

BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

213

139

8B

▀

UPPER HALF BLOCK

214

140

8C

▄

LOWER HALF BLOCK

215

141

8D

█

FULL BLOCK

216

142

8E

▌

LEFT HALF BLOCK

217

143

8F

▐

RIGHT HALF BLOCK

220

144

90

░

LIGHT SHADE

221

145

91

▒

MEDIUM SHADE

222

146

92

▓

DARK SHADE

223

147

93

⌠

TOP HALF INTEGRAL

224

148

94

■

BLACK SQUARE

225

149

95

∙

BULLET OPERATOR

226

150

96

√

SQUARE ROOT

227

151

97

≈

ALMOST EQUAL TO

230

152

98

≤

LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO

231

153

99

≥

GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO

232

154

9A

NO-BREAK SPACE

233

155

9B

⌡

BOTTOM HALF INTEGRAL

234

156

9C

°

DEGREE SIGN

235

157

9D

²

SUPERSCRIPT TWO

236

158

9E

·

MIDDLE DOT

237

159

9F

÷

DIVISION SIGN

240

160

A0

═

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL

241

161

A1

║

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL

242

162

A2

╒

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE

243

163

A3

ё

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO

244

164

A4

╓

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE

245

165

A5

╔

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND RIGHT

246

166

A6

╕

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE

247

167

A7

╖

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE

250

168

A8

╗

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND LEFT

251

169

A9

╘

BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE

252

170

AA

╙

BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE

253

171

AB

╚

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND RIGHT

254

172

AC

╛

BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE

255

173

AD

╜

BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE

256

174

AE

╝

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND LEFT

257

175

AF

╞

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE

260

176

B0

╟

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE

261

177

B1

╠

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND RIGHT

262

178

B2

╡

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE

263

179

B3

Ё

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO

264

180

B4

╢

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE

265

181

B5

╣

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND LEFT

266

182

B6

╤

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE

267

183

B7

╥

BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE

270

184

B8

╦

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND HORIZONTAL

271

185

B9

╧

BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE

272

186

BA

╨

BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE

273

187

BB

╩

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND HORIZONTAL

274

188

BC

╪

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE

275

189

BD

╫

BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE

276

190

BE

╬

BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

277

191

BF

©

COPYRIGHT SIGN

300

192

C0

ю

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU

301

193

C1

а

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A

302

194

C2

б

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE

303

195

C3

ц

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE

304

196

C4

д

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE

305

197

C5

е

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE

306

198

C6

ф

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF

307

199

C7

г

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE

310

200

C8

х

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA

311

201

C9

и

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I

312

202

CA

й

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I

313

203

CB

к

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA

314

204

CC

л

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL

315

205

CD

м

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM

316

206

CE

н

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN

317

207

CF

о

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O

320

208

D0

п

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE

321

209

D1

я

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA

322

210

D2

р

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER

323

211

D3

с

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES

324

212

D4

т

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE

325

213

D5

у

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U

326

214

D6

ж

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE

327

215

D7

в

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE

330

216

D8

ь

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN

331

217

D9

ы

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU

332

218

DA

з

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE

333

219

DB

ш

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA

334

220

DC

э

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E

335

221

DD

щ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA

336

222

DE

ч

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE

337

223

DF

ъ

CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN

340

224

E0

Ю

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU

341

225

E1

А

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A

342

226

E2

Б

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE

343

227

E3

Ц

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE

344

228

E4

Д

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE

345

229

E5

Е

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE

346

230

E6

Ф

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF

347

231

E7

Г

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE

350

232

E8

Х

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA

351

233

E9

И

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I

352

234

EA

Й

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I

353

235

EB

К

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA

354

236

EC

Л

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL

355

237

ED

М

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM

356

238

EE

Н

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN

357

239

EF

О

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O

360

240

F0

П

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE

361

241

F1

Я

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA

362

242

F2

Р

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER

363

243

F3

С

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES

364

244

F4

Т

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE

365

245

F5

У

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U

366

246

F6

Ж

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE

367

247

F7

В

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE

370

248

F8

Ь

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN

371

249

F9

Ы

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU

372

250

FA

З

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE

373

251

FB

Ш

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA

374

252

FC

Э

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E

375

253

FD

Щ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA

376

254

FE

Ч

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE

377

255

FF

Ъ

CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HARD SIGN

## NOTES
The differences with KOI8-U are in the hex positions A4, A6, A7, AD, B4, B6, B7, and BD.

## SEE ALSO
ascii(7), charsets(7), cp1251(7), iso_8859-5(7), koi8-u(7), utf-8(7)